Intellectual disability (ID), also known as intellectual developmental disorder or cognitive impairment, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. It typically originates before the age of 18 and affects a person’s ability to think, reason, learn, and solve problems.
Key features of intellectual disability include:
1.) Intellectual Functioning: Individuals with intellectual disability have deficits in intellectual functioning, which include reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, and learning from experience. They may have difficulty understanding complex concepts and abstract ideas.
2.) Adaptive Behavior: Adaptive behavior refers to the practical, social, and conceptual skills necessary for daily living. Individuals with intellectual disability may struggle with skills such as communication, self-care, social interactions, and independent living.
Intellectual disability is diagnosed based on standardized assessments of intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. The severity of intellectual disability can vary widely, ranging from mild to profound, and it may co-occur with other developmental or medical conditions.
Causes of intellectual disability can be diverse and may include genetic factors, prenatal exposure to toxins or infections, complications during childbirth, and environmental factors. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.
Management and support for individuals with intellectual disability often involve a multidisciplinary approach, including specialized education, behavioral interventions, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and social support services. Early intervention and ongoing support can significantly improve outcomes and enhance the individual’s quality of life.
